Introduction: The risk of being affected by infectious diseases in dentistry directly depends upon the degree of contact with body liquids, such as blood and saliva, as well as the working tools. Different micro-organisms including the viruses causing AIDS and Hepatitis B as well as oral thrush are possible to be transferred in dentistry. According to the Dental intervention (FDI), it is suggested that all dental patients, in spite of the healthy look, are considered to be infective. Therefore, the health principles and protective and safety methods must be observed in all the sequences to prevent cross-INFECTION. Thus, the present study seeks to investigate the degree to which the dentists in Isfahan respect and approach to such standards.Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study. In order to answer the questions of the study (as found in tables 1&2), the data related to the participants’ attitudes and performance were collected by having them fill out a questionnaire and a checklist. A total of 140 dentists in Isfahan were selected through a random sampling in 1385 (HS). The data collected was then evaluated with SPSS.Results: The mean score obtained from the attitude-related questions was 5.36. Also, the mean score of performance-related questions was found to be 8.03. No significant relation was found between the dentists` attitudes and the years of service (P=0.092, r=0.17). No significant relation was found between the dentists` performance and the years of service (P=0.12, r=0.15). No significant relation was found between the dentists` attitudes and their performance (P=0.1, r=0.16).

Aim: Although the production of plastic teeth has developed but separation of these teeth from acrylic resin base because of the improper occlusal forces or errors in laboratory procedures is still a problem. In this study the effect of different preparation methods of ridge lap surfaces of acrylic teeth (Berelian teeth) in bonding to acrylic resin base (Acropars) was evaluated.Method & Material: For this study, 84 acrylic teeth (premolars Berelian teeth) were selected. These teeth were divided in four groups according to the method of changes in ridge lap surfaces (control, application of monomer, retention groove and removing the glaze surface). The teeth processed on acrylic blocks. They loaded by instron set until the fracture. The forces of fracture of the teeth were recorded and analaysed. Analysis of variances and Duncan test were used for data analysis.Results: The results showed that the application of monomer to the ridge lap surfaces of acrylic teeth increased the bonding strength between these teeth and acrylic resin denture base, but retention groove and removing the glaze surface were not effective in the bonding strength. The fractures were occured inside the teeth in the most cases.Conclusion: With the limitation of this study, it seems that application of monomer to ridge lap surfaces can increase the bonding strength of berelian teeth to Acropars resin base.

Aim: Because the pathogenic microbes can be transmitted through blood and saliva, therefore the dental personal are more likely to be exposed to infectious diseases than other people. Transmission of INFECTION from a patient to another one is high probability. Through dental treatment, the importance of the INFECTION control would be more lighted when we know it is not impossible to define all the patients with infectious diseases. Therefore apply the standard methods of INFECTION control is very necessary. In this study we intended to examine the methods of prevention and INFECTION control in Tehran general dental offices.Method & Material: This investigation is descriptive which is cross sectional. Samples in every class were selected by systemic random sampling included general dental offices. The study was done in winter 2001. Information gathered by two ways observation and questionnaire, observing the dentist treating the patient personal protection such as gloves, masks, glasses, ... and decoration of office. Questionnaire was included 50 question items about vaccination, personal protection; ways of sterilization, disINFECTION the surfaces, ways of discarding of contaminated wastes and INFECTION control in radiology.Results: The most important obtained results are a following:- vaccinated against hepatitis B: 97.5% dentists - 56.41% personal in the offices.- used 75.4% gloves, 61% mask and 53% protective glass by dentist.- 18.7% of dentists sterilized hand pieces for every patient, 42.3% sterilized their burs by heat.- 87.7% of dentists did not disinfect radiology set.- 49.5% of dentists disinfected the orders delivered by the laboratory before apply them to patients.Conclusion: The obtained results show the applied methods in general dental offices in Tehran are very far from the standard recommendation be ADA, CDC in views quantity and quality. Therefore it is very necessary to bring up the- knowledge about the principle of INFECTION control and to make available the essential equipment to reduce the seriously risk of cross INFECTION spread in our society.

2In hospitals, healthcare-associated INFECTIONs (HAI), also referred as nosocomial INFECTIONs (NI), pose a significant challenge, leading to prolonged hospitalization, increased healthcare costs, and mortality. Pathogens can be transmitted through high-touched surfaces, healthcare worker hands, and contaminated medical equipment. These INFECTIONs are often caused by Multi-Drug Resistance Organisms (MDROs), which are bacteria resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents. Patients with higher illness severity scores, older age, and longer ICU stays are at increased risk. The most common side effect of healthcare is nosocomial INFECTIONs, which can happen in any setting. Bacterial, fungal, and viral INFECTIONs are potential causes for them, spread through direct or indirect contact. MRDOs, such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), and bacteria that produce Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), pose a significant problem because of their antibiotic resistance. Preventive measures such as air filtration, hand hygiene, and environmental cleaning are important. Enhanced hand cleanliness, implementing contact precautions, and surveillance are crucial in managing MDROs. It is essential to use antibiotics judiciously and implement appropriate clinical measures. Further research is necessary to combat the proliferation of resistant strains. In conclusion, nosocomial INFECTIONs caused by MDROs have significant public health implications. Effective prevention, control, and diagnosis are crucial in managing these INFECTIONs. Preventive measures and proper antibiotic use are essential in controlling the spread of resistant bacteria.

Blood- borne INFECTIONs such as hepatitis B, C, and HIV INFECTIONs are proved to be transmittable by dental procedures. Sterilization and protective measures are known as a critical part in cross INFECTION control in dental practice. This study looks at INFECTION control measures taken by 450 dentists who participated in this survey. Dentists attended to the 38th annual congress of Iranian Dental Association were questioned using a comprehensive questionnaire. Results showed that more than 69.4% of the participants "always" used gloves during dental treatments. Accordingly, 82.1% of them "always" used facemask. Dry heat was the most common method of sterilization, used by 95% of the dentists. However, only 10.4% of these practitioners knew the proper timing and temperature setting for dry heat sterilization.

Introduction: Accurate differentiation between upper and lower urinary tract INFECTION (UTI) requires invasive procedures. The objective of this study was to determine the morphology of RBC that originates from kidney or bladder for differentiating between upper and lower urinary tract INFECTION.materials and methods: UTI was induced by the injection of 0.5ml of normal saline containing human E coli (104/cc) into the bladder of rats (n=50). After 48 hours, the rat urine was drained from the bladder and analyzed for the morphology of RBC, culture and cell counter. For diagnosing pyelonephritis, both bilateral kidneys and bladder were biopsied for histopathology and culture.results: Dysmorphic RBC was detected in 33% (10/30) of the subjects with upper UTI and 13% (4/30) with lower UTI, which showed no significant difference (x2=0.04, P=0.63 Fisher Exact Test). The mean and SD of percentage of dysmorphic RBC in the subjects with upper and lower UTI were 35±34% and 44±43%, respectively, which revealed no significant difference (t=0.55, P=0.25). In this sudy, dysmorphic RBC showed rates of 45% sensitivity and 50% specificity for upper UTI diagnosis.conclusion: Urine osmolality may influence the results of RBC morphology for differentiating between upper and lower UTI.

Background and objective: Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) INFECTION is characterized by presence of HBV INFECTION with undetectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Surface gene mutants have been reported in a variety of patient groups. Due to limited data regarding these mutations in patients with occult HBV INFECTIONs; we aimed to determine the surface gene mutations of HBV among high risk patients with occult HBV INFECTION.Materials and methods: 395 patients including 289 patients on chronic hemodialysis and 106 HIV infected subjects were enrolled. HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc and anti-HCV were tested in all subjects. The presence of HBV-DNA was determined in plasma samples of patients with isolated anti-HBc by real-time PCR. In HBV-DNA positive patients, surface gene region was amplified by nested PCR and surface gene mutations were analyzed after direct sequencing.Results: Insertion of a T residue at position 60 and a G residue at position 89 were seen in two isolates which made their HBs proteins nonfunctional and premature stop codons were observed in 2 other isolates via replacing of T by A at position 44 and G by T at position 28 respectively.Amino acid substitution at amino acid position 207 (S207N) was found in the other isolates.Conclusion: Our study suggested that the "a" region mutations did not playa major role in HBsAg detection and other mutations may be responsible for the existence of occult HBV INFECTION and failure to detect HBsAg by routine laboratory tests.